Thorotrast, thorium dioxide, became widely used after its introduction in 1931. Doctors used thorium dioxide for certain x-ray tests. It was used to provide a contrast medium in X-ray diagnostics and it continued to be used in some countries, including the USA, into the 1950s. However, thorium dioxide was found to cause cancers and in fact has been identified as a very potent carcinogen. Two to 10 million patients worldwide have been diagnosed with mesothelioma associated with exposure to thorium dioxide. A few reports of pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma that developed following exposure to thorium dioxide also have been published.
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